Гликемические и негликемические преимущества применения фиксированной комбинации алоглиптина и пиоглитазона в управлении сахарным диабетом
Демидова Т.Ю., Ушанова Ф.О., Жаркова П.О. Гликемические и негликемические преимущества применения фиксированной комбинации алоглиптина и пиоглитазона в управлении сахарным диабетом. FOCUS Эндокринология. 2021; 4: 39–48. DOI: 10.47407/ef2021.2.4.0048
Demidova Т.Yu., Ushanova F.О., Zharkova P.О. Glycemic and non-glycemic benefits of using the fixed dose combination of alogliptin and pioglitazone in management of diabetes mellitus. FOCUS Endocrinology. 2021; 4: 39–48DOI: 10.47407/ef2021.2.4.0048
Сахарный диабет 2 типа является серьезным кардиометаболическим заболеванием, представляющим одну из самых актуальных проблем современной медицины. Количество больных сахарным диабетом неуклонно увеличивается с каждым годом. Развитие поздних осложнений, вызывающих поражение глаз, почек, сердечно-сосудистой и нервной систем, инвалидизирует, существенно снижает качество и сокращает продолжительность жизни. Являясь многофакторным заболеванием, сахарный диабет требует назначения сахароснижающих препаратов с учетом индивидуальных особенностей пациента. В первую очередь это препараты, оказывающие плейотропное влияние на органы-мишени. К таким препаратам относятся пиоглитазон, входящий в группу тиазолидиндионов, и алоглиптин, относящийся к ингибиторам дипептидилпептидазы 4. В последнее время обновилась доказательная база в отношении эффективности пиоглитазона в снижении риска развития сердечно-сосудистых событий, в частности ишемического инсульта, в связи с чем пиоглитазон в настоящее время рассматривается как перспективный инструмент в профилактике серьезных осложнений диабета. Комбинированное и дополняющее друг друга действие пиоглитазона и алоглиптина оказывает разностороннее воздействие на звенья патогенеза сахарного диабета 2 типа. В данном обзоре рассматриваются механизмы влияния препаратов на контроль течения сахарного диабета 2 типа и его осложнений, а также данные о безопасности и эффективности комбинации алоглиптин+пиоглитазон в снижении риска развития макрососудистых диабетических осложнений.
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет 2 типа, гликированный гемоглобин, глюкозозависимая секреция инсулина, ингибиторы дипептидил-
пептидазы-4, тиазолидиндионы, алоглиптин, пиоглитазон, макрососудистые осложнения.
Ключевые слова: сахарный диабет 2 типа, гликированный гемоглобин, глюкозозависимая секреция инсулина, ингибиторы дипептидил-
пептидазы-4, тиазолидиндионы, алоглиптин, пиоглитазон, макрососудистые осложнения.
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5. Ahsan W. The Journey of Thiazolidinediones as Modulators of PPARs for the Management of Diabetes: A Current Perspective. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25 (23): 2540–54. DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716094852. PMID: 31333088
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7. Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Viscoli CM et al. Pioglitazone improves insulin sensi-tivity among nondiabetic patients with a recent transient ischemic attack or is-chemic stroke. Stroke 2003; 34: 1431–6. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000071108. 00234.0E
8. Alam F, Islam MA, Mohamed M et al. Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Anal-ysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Sci Rep 2019; 9 (1): 5389. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41854-2
9. Davidson MB. The glycemic, cardiovascular and hepatic outcomes of pioglitazone treatment: evidence for its increased use. J Gastroenterol Sci 2020; 1 (1): 5.
10. Lebovitz HE. Thiazolidinediones: the forgotten diabetes medications. Curr Diab Rep 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1270-y
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35. DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1001689
13. de Pablos-Velasco P. Pioglitazone: beyond glucose control. Expert Rev Cardio-vasc Ther 2010; 8(8) :1057–67. DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.98
14. Derosa G, Cicero AF, D'Angelo A et al. Effects of 1 year of treatment with piogli-tazone or rosiglitazone added to glimepiride on lipoprotein (a) and homocys-teine concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Clin Ther 2006; 28 (5): 679–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera. 2006.05.012
15. Nakano K, Hasegawa G, Fukui M et al. Effect of pioglitazone on various param-eters of insulin resistance including lipoprotein subclass according to particle size by a gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2010; 57 (5): 423–30. DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.K10E-006
16. Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA et al. A Comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (7): 1547–54. DOI: 10.2337/di-acare.28.7.1547
17. Hanefeld M, Marx N, Pfützner A et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone and/or simvastatin in high cardiovascular risk patients with elevated high sen-sitivity C-reactive protein: the PIOSTAT Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49 (3): 290–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.054
18. Miyazaki Y, DeFronzo RA. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone similarly improve in-sulin sensitivity and secretion, glucose tolerance and adipocytokines in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10 (12): 1204–11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00880.x
19. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2457–71. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa072761
20. Selvin E, Bolen S, Yeh HC et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in trials of oral dia-betes medications: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2070–80. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.19.2070
21. Nesti L, Tricò D, Mengozzi A, Natali A. Rethinking pioglitazone as a cardiopro-tective agent: a new perspective on an overlooked drug. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20 (1): 109. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01294-7
22. Lee M, Saver JL, Liao HW et al. Pioglitazone for Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Stroke 2017; 48 (2): 388–93. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013977
23. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a ran-domised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366 (9493): 1279–89.
24. Erdmann E, Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B et al. The effect of pioglitazone on re-current myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-vious myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49 (17): 1772–780. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006. 12.048
25. Wilcox R, Bousser MG, Betteridge DJ et al. Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspectivepioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04). Stroke 2007; 38 (3): 865–73. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000257974.06317.49].
26. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL et al. Pioglitazone after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. N Engl J Med 2016; 374 (14): 1321–31. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506930
27. Spence JD, Viscoli CM, Inzucchi SE et al. Pioglitazone Therapy in Patients With Stroke and Prediabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the IRIS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76 (5): 526–35. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0079
28. Liu CH, Lee TH, Lin YS et al. Pioglitazone and PPAR-γ modulating treatment in hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients after ischemic stroke: a national co-hort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19 (1): 2. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0979-x
29. Liao HW, Saver JL, Wu YL et al. Pioglitazone and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017; 7 (1): e013927. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013927
30. Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ji X et al. Pioglitazone for the Primary and Secondary Preven-tion of Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients with or at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105 (5): dgz252. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz252
31. Capuano A, Sportiello L, Maiorino MI et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes therapy – focus on alogliptin. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7: 989–1001. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S37647
32. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахар-ным диабетом. Под редакцией И.И. Дедова, М.В. Шестаковой, А.Ю. Май-орова. 9-й выпуск (дополненный). Сахарный диабет 2019; 22 (S1): 1–212. DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1
[Standards of specialized diabetes care. Edited by I.I. Dedov, M.V. Shestakova,
A. Yu. Mayorov. 9th Edition (revised). Diabetes mellitus 2019; 22 (S1): 1–212. DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1 (in Russian)].
33. Keating GM. Alogliptin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mel-litus. Drugs. 2015; 75 (7): 777–96. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0385-y
34. Шестакова М.В., Чазова И.Е., Шестакова Е.А. Российское многоцентро-вое скрининговое исследование по выявлению недиагностированного са-харного диабета 2 типа у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистой патоло-гией. Сахарный диабет 2016; 19 (1): 24–9.
[Shestakova M.V., Chazova I.E., Shestakova E.A. Russian multicentre type 2 dia-betes screening program in patients with cardiovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus 2016; 19 (1): 24-29 (In Russian)]. DOI: 10.14341/DM7765
35. Widmer RJ, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014 (3): 291–308. DOI: 10.5339/gcsp. 2014.43
36. Eringa EC, Serne EH, Meijer RI et al. Endothelial dysfunction in (pre)diabetes: Characteristics, causative mechanisms and pathogenic role in type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2013; 14 (1): 39–48. doi: 10.1007/s11154-013-9239-7
37. Zhu B, Li Y, Mei W et al. Alogliptin improves endothelial function by promoting autophagy in perivascular adipose tissue of obese mice through a GLP-1-de-pendent mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 115: 55–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.11.003
38. Kato S, Fukui K, Kirigaya H et al. Inhibition of DPP-4 by alogliptin improves coronary flow reserve and left ventricular systolic function evaluated by phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223: 770–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ij-card.2016.08.306
39. Pratley RE, Kipnes MS, Fleck PR et al; Alogliptin Study 007 Group. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by glyburide monotherapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11 (2): 167–76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008. 01016.x
40. White WB, Bakris GL, Bergenstal RM et al. Examination of cardiovascular out-comes with alogliptin versus standard of care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute coronary syndrome (EXAMINE): a cardiovascular safety study of the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes with acute coronary syndrome. Am Heart J 2011; 162: 620–6.
41. Ferreira JP, Mehta C, Sharma A et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes: a renal function stratified analysis of the EX-AMINE trial. BMC Med 2020; 18 (1): 165. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01616-8
42. White WB, Heller SR, Cannon CP et al; EXAMINE Investigators. Alogliptin in Pa-tients with Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Metformin and Sulfonylurea Therapies in the EXAMINE Trial. Am J Med 2018; 131 (7): 813–9.e5. DOI: 10.1016/
j. amjmed.2018.02.023
43. DeFronzo RA, Burant CF, Fleck P et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of the DPP-4 In-hibitor Alogliptin Combined with Pioglitazone, in Metformin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97 (5): 1615–22. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-2243
44. Wang B, Sun Y, Sang Y. Comparison of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and pi-oglitazone combination therapy versus pioglitazone monotherapy in type 2 di-abetes: A system review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97 (46): e12633. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012633
2. Всемирная организация здравоохранения [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ the-top-10- causes-of-death 2020
3. Callahan A, Amarenco P, Goldstein LB et al; SPARCL Investigators. Risk of stroke and cardiovascular events after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in patients with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome: secondary anal-ysis of the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) trial. Arch Neurol 2011; 68: 1245–51. DOI: 10.1001/archneu-rol.2011.146
4. Waugh J, Keating GM, Plosker GL et al. Pioglitazone: A review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2006; 66(1): 85–109. DOI: 10.2165/ 00003495-200666010-00005
5. Ahsan W. The Journey of Thiazolidinediones as Modulators of PPARs for the Management of Diabetes: A Current Perspective. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25 (23): 2540–54. DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716094852. PMID: 31333088
6. Munwar S, Ilango K. The Journey of Thiazolidinediones as Modulators of PPARs for the Management of Diabetes: A Critical Review. Med Chem (Los Angeles) 2020; 10: 5. DOI: 10.37421/mccr.2020.10.547
7. Kernan WN, Inzucchi SE, Viscoli CM et al. Pioglitazone improves insulin sensi-tivity among nondiabetic patients with a recent transient ischemic attack or is-chemic stroke. Stroke 2003; 34: 1431–6. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000071108. 00234.0E
8. Alam F, Islam MA, Mohamed M et al. Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Anal-ysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Sci Rep 2019; 9 (1): 5389. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41854-2
9. Davidson MB. The glycemic, cardiovascular and hepatic outcomes of pioglitazone treatment: evidence for its increased use. J Gastroenterol Sci 2020; 1 (1): 5.
10. Lebovitz HE. Thiazolidinediones: the forgotten diabetes medications. Curr Diab Rep 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1270-y
11. Rosmarakis ES, Falagas ME. Effect of thiazolidinedione therapy on restenosis after coronary stent implantation: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am Heart J 2007; 154: 144–50.
12. Khera AV, Cuchel M, de la Llera-Moya M, et al. Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 127–
35. DOI: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1001689
13. de Pablos-Velasco P. Pioglitazone: beyond glucose control. Expert Rev Cardio-vasc Ther 2010; 8(8) :1057–67. DOI: 10.1586/erc.10.98
14. Derosa G, Cicero AF, D'Angelo A et al. Effects of 1 year of treatment with piogli-tazone or rosiglitazone added to glimepiride on lipoprotein (a) and homocys-teine concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Clin Ther 2006; 28 (5): 679–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera. 2006.05.012
15. Nakano K, Hasegawa G, Fukui M et al. Effect of pioglitazone on various param-eters of insulin resistance including lipoprotein subclass according to particle size by a gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr J 2010; 57 (5): 423–30. DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.K10E-006
16. Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA et al. A Comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (7): 1547–54. DOI: 10.2337/di-acare.28.7.1547
17. Hanefeld M, Marx N, Pfützner A et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of pioglitazone and/or simvastatin in high cardiovascular risk patients with elevated high sen-sitivity C-reactive protein: the PIOSTAT Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49 (3): 290–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.054
18. Miyazaki Y, DeFronzo RA. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone similarly improve in-sulin sensitivity and secretion, glucose tolerance and adipocytokines in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10 (12): 1204–11. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00880.x
19. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 2457–71. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa072761
20. Selvin E, Bolen S, Yeh HC et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in trials of oral dia-betes medications: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2070–80. DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.19.2070
21. Nesti L, Tricò D, Mengozzi A, Natali A. Rethinking pioglitazone as a cardiopro-tective agent: a new perspective on an overlooked drug. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20 (1): 109. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01294-7
22. Lee M, Saver JL, Liao HW et al. Pioglitazone for Secondary Stroke Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Stroke 2017; 48 (2): 388–93. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.013977
23. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a ran-domised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366 (9493): 1279–89.
24. Erdmann E, Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B et al. The effect of pioglitazone on re-current myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-vious myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49 (17): 1772–780. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006. 12.048
25. Wilcox R, Bousser MG, Betteridge DJ et al. Effects of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspectivepioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events 04). Stroke 2007; 38 (3): 865–73. DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000257974.06317.49].
26. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL et al. Pioglitazone after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. N Engl J Med 2016; 374 (14): 1321–31. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506930
27. Spence JD, Viscoli CM, Inzucchi SE et al. Pioglitazone Therapy in Patients With Stroke and Prediabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the IRIS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76 (5): 526–35. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0079
28. Liu CH, Lee TH, Lin YS et al. Pioglitazone and PPAR-γ modulating treatment in hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients after ischemic stroke: a national co-hort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19 (1): 2. DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0979-x
29. Liao HW, Saver JL, Wu YL et al. Pioglitazone and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017; 7 (1): e013927. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013927
30. Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ji X et al. Pioglitazone for the Primary and Secondary Preven-tion of Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients with or at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105 (5): dgz252. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz252
31. Capuano A, Sportiello L, Maiorino MI et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes therapy – focus on alogliptin. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7: 989–1001. DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S37647
32. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахар-ным диабетом. Под редакцией И.И. Дедова, М.В. Шестаковой, А.Ю. Май-орова. 9-й выпуск (дополненный). Сахарный диабет 2019; 22 (S1): 1–212. DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1
[Standards of specialized diabetes care. Edited by I.I. Dedov, M.V. Shestakova,
A. Yu. Mayorov. 9th Edition (revised). Diabetes mellitus 2019; 22 (S1): 1–212. DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1 (in Russian)].
33. Keating GM. Alogliptin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mel-litus. Drugs. 2015; 75 (7): 777–96. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-015-0385-y
34. Шестакова М.В., Чазова И.Е., Шестакова Е.А. Российское многоцентро-вое скрининговое исследование по выявлению недиагностированного са-харного диабета 2 типа у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистой патоло-гией. Сахарный диабет 2016; 19 (1): 24–9.
[Shestakova M.V., Chazova I.E., Shestakova E.A. Russian multicentre type 2 dia-betes screening program in patients with cardiovascular disease. Diabetes mellitus 2016; 19 (1): 24-29 (In Russian)]. DOI: 10.14341/DM7765
35. Widmer RJ, Lerman A. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014 (3): 291–308. DOI: 10.5339/gcsp. 2014.43
36. Eringa EC, Serne EH, Meijer RI et al. Endothelial dysfunction in (pre)diabetes: Characteristics, causative mechanisms and pathogenic role in type 2 diabetes. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2013; 14 (1): 39–48. doi: 10.1007/s11154-013-9239-7
37. Zhu B, Li Y, Mei W et al. Alogliptin improves endothelial function by promoting autophagy in perivascular adipose tissue of obese mice through a GLP-1-de-pendent mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 115: 55–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.11.003
38. Kato S, Fukui K, Kirigaya H et al. Inhibition of DPP-4 by alogliptin improves coronary flow reserve and left ventricular systolic function evaluated by phase contrast cine magnetic resonance imaging in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2016; 223: 770–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ij-card.2016.08.306
39. Pratley RE, Kipnes MS, Fleck PR et al; Alogliptin Study 007 Group. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by glyburide monotherapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2009; 11 (2): 167–76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008. 01016.x
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41. Ferreira JP, Mehta C, Sharma A et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes: a renal function stratified analysis of the EX-AMINE trial. BMC Med 2020; 18 (1): 165. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01616-8
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